nmon

* 거의 모든 부분에 대한 실시간 모니터링 및 로그 생성이 가능하다.

Glances

• top 대용

htop

• top 대용

iotop

• disk io 를 기준으로 프로세스를 보여준다.

nethogs

• 프로세스별 네트워크 사용량을 보여준다.

출처 : thinkfarm.tistory.com

For many people, the idea of using Linux as a low-cost network management platform can be highly seductive. As the argument goes, even the most rudimentary Linux distributions include the components that are needed to build a modest management console, with Net-SNMP extracting management information from devices on the network, RRDtool storing and graphing the collected data, and one of the many Linux-based network management packages providing a Web-based point-and-click interface to the system as a whole.

For the most part, this approach can even work fairly well for basic monitoring tasks, although it also has its limits. In particular, most network devices do not publish all of their available management data through SNMP, and getting to the additional data typically requires the use of an alternative management interface.

This can even be a challenge with Linux itself, since many of the system variables in the /proc filesystem are not published over SNMP by default, while many of the web and email application servers that are commonly used with Linux do not have any SNMP interfaces at all. If you need to capture any of that data, you'll need to find a way to extract it from log files or process-management tools, and then import it into your management station through a secondary interface.

But while this can be tedious for systems like Linux, it's a huge problem for the systems and services that use Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) as their primary management subsystem, since there has not historically been any way to query WMI from Linux directly (see sidebar at right). Instead, administrators who have committed themselves to Linux-based management consoles have had to rely on gateway or proxy technologies that query Windows systems for the desired data on behalf of the management station. For Windows-heavy networks, the path of least resistance has simply been to use Windows-based management platforms that can access the data directly, and forgo the Linux management station altogether.

In practice, there are a variety of ways to pull WMI data into Linux-based management tools, many of which are discussed throughout the remainder of this article. However, while most of these tools are useful for extracting some degree of data from WMI, they also have unique operating considerations which can affect their utility in unexpected ways. For example, some of the solutions require new software to be installed at the management station, on a gateway device, or at each of the Windows hosts that will be monitored, and some of them may require modifications to the security permissions on some of those systems as well. Similarly, the different solutions can expose widely varying amounts of data, which not only determines the functionality of a particular package, but also introduces additional security considerations.

The Windows SNMP Agent

The simplest way to get data from WMI into Linux management stations is to go through the SNMP agent that is included with the Windows operating system, although there are some significant limits on the information that is available through this interface. More accurately, the principle restriction with the Windows SNMP agent is that it does not provide much in the way of Windows-specific data.

For example, the HOST-RESOURCE-MIB defines basic CPU utilization metrics that shows the average processor utilization levels for the last minute of activity, but that is all it provides. The problem here is that the standardized data just isn't very useful, especially compared to the CPU utilization data from the WMI performance counters which tells us how many tasks are currently in the process queue, how much of the load is from system tasks versus user tasks, and much more. Unfortunately, none of the interesting and useful data is available through the native SNMP agent.

The good news is that some third parties have stepped up to fill this void, and it's possible to get at the interesting data via SNMP by using aftermarket extensions. The biggest name in this space is SNMP Informant, which is the brand name for a series of products ranging from a basic freeware extension that exposes a limited amount of operating system data all the way up to a commercial multi-extension that exposes huge tracts of data from the operating system and add-on packages like Microsoft Exchange and SQL Server (among others).

SNMP Informant works by strongly data-typing the core performance counter objects, and then mapping predefined OIDs against those objects, thereby allowing administrators to make explicit and clean references to system-level objects in a consistent and reliable way. However, the downside to this approach is that every OID in the extension must be predefined, and SNMP Informant only focuses on several very important areas but does not attempt to expose the entire WMI subsystem to SNMP. This means that if you need to access performance counters or some other piece of WMI data that SNMP Informant does not already publish, you have to look elsewhere.

One interesting extension that has appeared in this space recently is the freeware SnmpTools, which purports to allow mapping administrator-defined OIDs to a variety of data sources, including hard-coded string values, dynamic performance counter objects in WMI, and even dynamic output from text-based scripts and programs. Although the WMI-specific part of the extension is limited to performance counter objects, it's theoretically possible to query other parts of the subsystem through the use of a local script and return the data through the command interface.

Another angle on this space is that many of the server hardware vendors provide their own SNMP extensions for Windows as a way to publish management information about the server hardware. When added to the other extensions discussed above, this can really round out the data that is available through the stock SNMP agent.

The general downside to this class of tools is that they have to be installed on every Windows system, since they extend the SNMP agent on the local host. However, they do not require any new software on the Linux management station, since they tend to work seamlessly with existing SNMP interfaces. These technologies also do not typically require any significant changes to existing security models, since the native SNMP agent's authentication services will continue to be used. On the other hand, the lack of encryption in SNMP means that adding extensions that publish more data will result in more data being available for eavesdroppers to discover.

WBEM and WMI

Just as SNMP is generally the preferred management technology for Linux systems to use when querying Windows devices, the other end of the spectrum has it that WMI is the most natural technology to use when managing Windows systems and services. Thus, if Windows cannot be made to speak SNMP adequately, another option is to make Linux speak WMI. But as stated in the introduction, WMI has not historically been available to Linux systems due to a variety of technological issues. However, it has long been possible to make Linux systems speak WBEM, and since the principle difference between WBEM and WMI is the transfer protocol in use (again, see sidebar), all that's really needed to expose WMI to Linux is a WBEM listener for Windows and a WBEM client for Linux.

There are a couple of options for running a WBEM listener on Windows. For one, the Open Group has an open-source WBEM implementation called OpenPegasus with a standalone WBEM-to-WMI gateway component called WMI Mapper, which listens for incoming HTTP/WBEM queries on the standardized ports, processes the requests as WMI queries on the destination system, and then returns the answer data to the original requester. Unfortunately, WMI Mapper is only available from the OpenPegasus web site as raw source code, which can be an issue for many organizations. However, the HP Systems Insight Manager server-management toolkit provides a prebuilt version of WMI Mapper as a separate downloadable add-on package.

Another option for adding WBEM capabilities to Windows comes from the IBM Systems Director server-management suite. Specifically, IBM Systems Director provides Windows agents with comprehensive WBEM implementation that can also be used to query WMI on the local system. These agents can carry a lot of overhead, but they can also add a tremendous amount of manageability to their host systems. Furthermore, organizations who are thinking about using WBEM on their other platforms can look at the Director agents as a way to get a consistent WBEM interface on multiple platforms simultaneously.

Once one of these packages have been installed and configured, the only remaining requirement is a WBEM client for Linux that can generate queries and return formatted data to the management console. There are a handful of WBEM toolkits available for Linux (including tools that are included in the aforementioned WBEM-based server-management consoles), but one simple utility for this purpose is wbemcli from the Standards-Based Linux Instrumentation (SBLIM) suite, which allows you to generate requests for named resources and apply basic formatting to the response data using command line options. Some of the common Linux distributions already include the sblim-wbemcli package, but it can also be downloaded from sourceforge.

There is also the somewhat-recent option of running a WMI client directly on Linux, and bypassing all of the intermediate technologies altogether. Specifically, the Linux-based Zenoss management platform provides a utility called wmic, which uses the Samba4 libraries to access Windows and interact with WMI directly. Using the wmic utility, it's possible to retrieve just about any object from anywhere in WMI (the author uses it togenerate custom graphs from Everest sensor readings stored in WMI), although you have to generate the queries using the WQL (WMI Query Language, which is very similar to SQL). wmic is packaged as a separate program in some Linux distributions, but is also included in the open-source version of Zenoss Core.

Of all the options for getting management data out of WMI, wmic is clearly the simplest and cleanest way to do it. However, it's also important to recognize that wmic is only useful for querying WMI, and it is unable to engage or manipulate WMI objects. If you need that level of access then one of the WBEM approaches is going to be your only option for now. Another advantage that WBEM has over wmic is the fact that you can deploy WBEM servers on your Linux systems so that all of your devices are presenting fairly consistent high-level management interfaces. This is not something that should be embraced casually, but it is an important and compelling opportunity that should not be dismissed blithely either.

In terms of deployment, the Director Agent is the only technology mentioned that requires new software to be installed on the Windows systems for the data to be accessible to Linux management consoles. The OpenPegasus/HP WMI Mapper gateway is able to issue WMI requests for objects on local and remote Windows systems, so it only needs to be installed on a single gateway device. wmicdoes not need any new software on any Windows device. All of these solutions require client-side software of some kind on the Linux management console.

All of these solutions also require changes to Windows' security permissions in order to function, particularly in the areas of WMI object permissions, and in the case of wmic there are likely to be changes to DCOM permissions as well (the default Windows permissions only allow administrative users to issue remote queries, which is not viable for most networks).

Remote Command Execution

If SNMP and WBEM/WMI all prove to be unsatisfactory for some reason, then it's time to explore alternative management interfaces. Luckily, this tends to be fairly straightforward on Linux-based management systems; everything uses the command-line to move data around already, so calling an alternative management tool is theoretically as simple as replacing the snmpget command with an appropriate substitute, and ensuring that properly-formatted response strings are generated.

As was alluded to in the introduction, this kind of alternative command model is sometimes needed in order to pull interesting data from the local Linux system itself. For example, if you need to routinely extract management data from a local email server's log file, then you will probably need to execute an arbitrary script that returns the required data and then pass the formatted results back to the management station. By extension, if you need to gather this data from all of the Linux hosts on your network, then one option worth considering is to simply distribute the script to each of them, and then use a local program to execute the remote scripts as needed. This same model can also be made to work with Windows, and in fact is actively embraced by some popular management toolkits.

However, this model can also be slow, resource-intensive, and even risky, depending on how it is implemented. Simply put, it's expensive to spawn command processes, and twice as expensive to spawn them locally and remotely. It would be foolish to use this model when some other lighter option was available. On the other hand, if you need to perform a computationally- or I/O-intensive process in order to obtain the desired information (such as parsing through open log files, or gathering multiple pieces of data for comparison purposes) then it can often be faster and cheaper to execute the command on the remote host instead of issuing multiple discrete queries across the network and performing the calculations locally.

As for making this work, modern versions of Windows usually include most of the tools that are needed, although some assembly is often required, with greater amounts of work being needed for progressively older versions of the operating system. For example, modern versions of Windows include the Windows Script Host interpreter and the character-based cscript.exe front-end, which cumulatively allow you to execute VBScript files from the command line. Even more recently, the Windows PowerShell also provides a scriptable environment that is accessible directly. Either of these tools can be used to query and even manipulate WMI objects, including WMI objects on other Windows hosts across a network.

Figure 4

There are also multiple options available for executing these scripts from remote. One option here is to install an SSH server on the Windows host, and then use ssh hostname remote-command from the Linux console to execute the desired script, just like you would on UNIX systems. Windows systems with Subsystem for UNIX Applications (SUA)/Services for UNIX (SFU) can download premade SSH servers from Interop Systems. Alternatively, there are multiple SSH servers for Windows available that are based on Cygwin if you prefer to use that environment.

As another option, the Nagios management platform provides a remote-command interface called NRPE that is essentially a client-server protocol for executing predefined commands. In this model, target systems are setup as NRPE servers, while the management station runs an NRPE client. Commands are defined in a configuration file at each server, and the client connects to the server and instructs it to execute one of those commands, with any additional parameters being supplied in the request. If the command is known to the server, it executes the request and returns the response data, then closes the connection. NRPE is simpler to setup than SSH, and it is also arguably more secure given that the server cannot run arbitrary programs. There is also a prebuilt NRPE server for Windows available.

Naturally, the ramifications for this class of technology can be immense. On the security front, their whole raison d'être is to facilitate remote command-level access to your Windows servers, which frankly should be enough to give anyone pause. As for deployment, these tools require additional software or scripts on the Windows hosts, but since the scripting tools can perform WMI queries over the network you really only need the executables to be installed on one specific server, which can then act as a proxy for all of the other Windows hosts that it has access to (this will require that the scripts have a hostname argument, obviously). Some software may also be required on the Linux management station, such as the NRPE client, or wrapper scripts that call the preferred tool and dispose of the response data.

Administrators who are interested in pursuing remote-command execution techniques should study some of the scripts hosted on monitoringexchange.org, which includes a variety of VBScript files for extracting data from WMI. Some of these scripts can be useful for some of the other technologies mentioned earlier as well.

Wireshark 1.9.0 (SVN Rev 47047 from /trunk)
Interactively dump and analyze network traffic.
See http://www.wireshark.org for more information.

Copyright 1998-2013 Gerald Combs <gerald@wireshark.org> and contributors.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Usage: wireshark [options] ... [ <infile> ]

Capture interface:
  -i <interface>           name or idx of interface (def: first non-loopback)
  -f <capture filter>      packet filter in libpcap filter syntax
  -s <snaplen>             packet snapshot length (def: 65535)
  -p                       don't capture in promiscuous mode
  -k                       start capturing immediately (def: do nothing)
  -S                       update packet display when new packets are captured
  -l                       turn on automatic scrolling while -S is in use
  -I                       capture in monitor mode, if available
  -B <buffer size>         size of kernel buffer (def: 1MB)
  -y <link type>           link layer type (def: first appropriate)
  -D                       print list of interfaces and exit
  -L                       print list of link-layer types of iface and exit

Capture stop conditions:
  -c <packet count>        stop after n packets (def: infinite)
  -a <autostop cond.> ...  duration:NUM - stop after NUM seconds
                           filesize:NUM - stop this file after NUM KB
                              files:NUM - stop after NUM files
Capture output:
  -b <ringbuffer opt.> ... duration:NUM - switch to next file after NUM secs
                           filesize:NUM - switch to next file after NUM KB
                              files:NUM - ringbuffer: replace after NUM files
Input file:
  -r <infile>              set the filename to read from (no pipes or stdin!)

Processing:
  -R <read filter>         packet filter in Wireshark display filter syntax
  -n                       disable all name resolutions (def: all enabled)
  -N <name resolve flags>  enable specific name resolution(s): "mntC"

User interface:
  -C <config profile>      start with specified configuration profile
  -d <display filter>      start with the given display filter
  -g <packet number>       go to specified packet number after "-r"
  -J <jump filter>         jump to the first packet matching the (display)
                           filter
  -j                       search backwards for a matching packet after "-J"
  -m <font>                set the font name used for most text
  -t ad|a|r|d|dd|e         output format of time stamps (def: r: rel. to first)
  -u s|hms                 output format of seconds (def: s: seconds)
  -X <key>:<value>         eXtension options, see man page for details
  -z <statistics>          show various statistics, see man page for details

Output:
  -w <outfile|->           set the output filename (or '-' for stdout)

Miscellaneous:
  -h                       display this help and exit
  -v                       display version info and exit
  -P <key>:<path>          persconf:path - personal configuration files
                           persdata:path - personal data files
  -o <name>:<value> ...    override preference or recent setting
  -K <keytab>              keytab file to use for kerberos decryption
  --display=DISPLAY        X display to use

NAME

tshark - Dump and analyze network traffic

SYNOPSIS

tshark [ -2 ] [ -a <capture autostop condition> ] ... [ -b <capture ring buffer option>] ... [ -B <capture buffer size> ]  [ -c <capture packet count> ] [ -C <configuration profile> ] [ -d <layer type>==<selector>,<decode-as protocol> ] [ -D ] [ -e <field> ] [ -E <field print option> ] [ -f <capture filter> ] [ -F <file format> ] [ -g ] [ -h ] [ -H <input hosts file> ] [ -i <capture interface>|- ] [ -I ] [ -K <keytab> ] [ -l ] [ -L ] [ -n ] [ -N <name resolving flags> ] [ -o <preference setting> ] ... [ -O <protocols> ] [ -p ] [ -P ] [ -q ] [ -Q ] [ -r <infile> ] [ -R <Read filter> ] [ -Y <displaY filter> ] [ -s <capture snaplen> ] [ -S <separator> ] [ -t ad|a|r|d|dd|e ] [ -T pdml|psml|ps|text|fields ] [ -v ] [ -V ] [ -w <outfile>|- ] [ -W <file format option>] [ -x ] [ -X <eXtension option>] [ -y <capture link type> ] [ -z <statistics> ] [ <capture filter> ]

tshark -G [fields|protocols|values|decodes|defaultprefs|currentprefs]

DESCRIPTION

TShark is a network protocol analyzer. It lets you capture packet data from a live network, or read packets from a previously saved capture file, either printing a decoded form of those packets to the standard output or writing the packets to a file. TShark's native capture file format is libpcap format, which is also the format used by tcpdump and various other tools.

Without any options set, TShark will work much like tcpdump. It will use the pcap library to capture traffic from the first available network interface and displays a summary line on stdout for each received packet.

TShark is able to detect, read and write the same capture files that are supported by Wireshark. The input file doesn't need a specific filename extension; the file format and an optional gzip compression will be automatically detected. Near the beginning of the DESCRIPTION section of wireshark(1) orhttp://www.wireshark.org/docs/man-pages/wireshark.html is a detailed description of the way Wireshark handles this, which is the same way Tshark handles this.

Compressed file support uses (and therefore requires) the zlib library. If the zlib library is not present, TShark will compile, but will be unable to read compressed files.

If the -w option is not specified, TShark writes to the standard output the text of a decoded form of the packets it captures or reads. If the -w option is specified,TShark writes to the file specified by that option the raw data of the packets, along with the packets' time stamps.

When writing a decoded form of packets, TShark writes, by default, a summary line containing the fields specified by the preferences file (which are also the fields displayed in the packet list pane in Wireshark), although if it's writing packets as it captures them, rather than writing packets from a saved capture file, it won't show the "frame number" field. If the -V option is specified, it writes instead a view of the details of the packet, showing all the fields of all protocols in the packet. If the -Ooption is specified, it will only show the full protocols specified. Use the output of "tshark -G protocols" to find the abbreviations of the protocols you can specify.

If you want to write the decoded form of packets to a file, run TShark without the -w option, and redirect its standard output to the file (do not use the -w option).

When writing packets to a file, TShark, by default, writes the file in libpcap format, and writes all of the packets it sees to the output file. The -F option can be used to specify the format in which to write the file. This list of available file formats is displayed by the -F flag without a value. However, you can't specify a file format for a live capture.

Read filters in TShark, which allow you to select which packets are to be decoded or written to a file, are very powerful; more fields are filterable in TShark than in other protocol analyzers, and the syntax you can use to create your filters is richer. As TShark progresses, expect more and more protocol fields to be allowed in read filters.

Packet capturing is performed with the pcap library. The capture filter syntax follows the rules of the pcap library. This syntax is different from the read filter syntax. A read filter can also be specified when capturing, and only packets that pass the read filter will be displayed or saved to the output file; note, however, that capture filters are much more efficient than read filters, and it may be more difficult for TShark to keep up with a busy network if a read filter is specified for a live capture.

A capture or read filter can either be specified with the -f or -R option, respectively, in which case the entire filter expression must be specified as a single argument (which means that if it contains spaces, it must be quoted), or can be specified with command-line arguments after the option arguments, in which case all the arguments after the filter arguments are treated as a filter expression. Capture filters are supported only when doing a live capture; read filters are supported when doing a live capture and when reading a capture file, but require TShark to do more work when filtering, so you might be more likely to lose packets under heavy load if you're using a read filter. If the filter is specified with command-line arguments after the option arguments, it's a capture filter if a capture is being done (i.e., if no -r option was specified) and a read filter if a capture file is being read (i.e., if a -r option was specified).

The -G option is a special mode that simply causes Tshark to dump one of several types of internal glossaries and then exit.

OPTIONS

-2

Perform a two-pass analysis. This causes tshark to buffer output until the entire first pass is done, but allows it to fill in fields that require future knowledge, such as 'response in frame #' fields. Also permits reassembly frame dependencies to be calculated correctly.

-a <capture autostop condition>

Specify a criterion that specifies when TShark is to stop writing to a capture file. The criterion is of the form test:value, where test is one of:

duration:value Stop writing to a capture file after value seconds have elapsed.

filesize:value Stop writing to a capture file after it reaches a size of value kilobytes (where a kilobyte is 1024 bytes). If this option is used together with the -b option, TShark will stop writing to the current capture file and switch to the next one if filesize is reached. When reading a capture file, TShark will stop reading the file after the number of bytes read exceeds this number (the complete packet will be read, so more bytes than this number may be read).

files:value Stop writing to capture files after value number of files were written.

-b <capture ring buffer option>

Cause TShark to run in "multiple files" mode. In "multiple files" mode, TShark will write to several capture files. When the first capture file fills up, TShark will switch writing to the next file and so on.

The created filenames are based on the filename given with the -w option, the number of the file and on the creation date and time, e.g. outfile_00001_20050604120117.pcap, outfile_00002_20050604120523.pcap, ...

With the files option it's also possible to form a "ring buffer". This will fill up new files until the number of files specified, at which point TShark will discard the data in the first file and start writing to that file and so on. If the files option is not set, new files filled up until one of the capture stop conditions match (or until the disk is full).

The criterion is of the form key:value, where key is one of:

duration:value switch to the next file after value seconds have elapsed, even if the current file is not completely filled up.

filesize:value switch to the next file after it reaches a size of value kilobytes (where a kilobyte is 1024 bytes).

files:value begin again with the first file after value number of files were written (form a ring buffer). This value must be less than 100000. Caution should be used when using large numbers of files: some filesystems do not handle many files in a single directory well. The files criterion requires either duration or filesize to be specified to control when to go to the next file. It should be noted that each -b parameter takes exactly one criterion; to specify two criterion, each must be preceded by the -b option.

Example: -b filesize:1024 -b files:5 results in a ring buffer of five files of size one megabyte.

-B <capture buffer size>

Set capture buffer size (in MB, default is 2MB). This is used by the the capture driver to buffer packet data until that data can be written to disk. If you encounter packet drops while capturing, try to increase this size. Note that, while Tshark attempts to set the buffer size to 2MB by default, and can be told to set it to a larger value, the system or interface on which you're capturing might silently limit the capture buffer size to a lower value or raise it to a higher value.

This is available on UNIX systems with libpcap 1.0.0 or later and on Windows. It is not available on UNIX systems with earlier versions of libpcap.

This option can occur multiple times. If used before the first occurrence of the -i option, it sets the default capture buffer size. If used after an -i option, it sets the capture buffer size for the interface specified by the last -i option occurring before this option. If the capture buffer size is not set specifically, the default capture buffer size is used if provided.

-c <capture packet count>

Set the maximum number of packets to read when capturing live data. If reading a capture file, set the maximum number of packets to read.

-C <configuration profile>

Run with the given configuration profile.

-d <layer type>==<selector>,<decode-as protocol>

Like Wireshark's Decode As... feature, this lets you specify how a layer type should be dissected. If the layer type in question (for example, tcp.port or udp.portfor a TCP or UDP port number) has the specified selector value, packets should be dissected as the specified protocol.

Example: -d tcp.port==8888,http will decode any traffic running over TCP port 8888 as HTTP.

Example: -d tcp.port==8888:3,http will decode any traffic running over TCP ports 8888, 8889 or 8890 as HTTP.

Example: -d tcp.port==8888-8890,http will decode any traffic running over TCP ports 8888, 8889 or 8890 as HTTP.

Using an invalid selector or protocol will print out a list of valid selectors and protocol names, respectively.

Example: -d . is a quick way to get a list of valid selectors.

Example: -d ethertype==0x0800. is a quick way to get a list of protocols that can be selected with an ethertype.

-D

Print a list of the interfaces on which TShark can capture, and exit. For each network interface, a number and an interface name, possibly followed by a text description of the interface, is printed. The interface name or the number can be supplied to the -i option to specify an interface on which to capture.

This can be useful on systems that don't have a command to list them (e.g., Windows systems, or UNIX systems lacking ifconfig -a); the number can be useful on Windows 2000 and later systems, where the interface name is a somewhat complex string.

Note that "can capture" means that TShark was able to open that device to do a live capture. Depending on your system you may need to run tshark from an account with special privileges (for example, as root) to be able to capture network traffic. If TShark -D is not run from such an account, it will not list any interfaces.

-e <field>

Add a field to the list of fields to display if -T fields is selected. This option can be used multiple times on the command line. At least one field must be provided if the -T fields option is selected. Column names may be used prefixed with "col."

Example: -e frame.number -e ip.addr -e udp -e col.info

Giving a protocol rather than a single field will print multiple items of data about the protocol as a single field. Fields are separated by tab characters by default. -Econtrols the format of the printed fields.

-E <field print option>

Set an option controlling the printing of fields when -T fields is selected.

Options are:

header=y|n If y, print a list of the field names given using -e as the first line of the output; the field name will be separated using the same character as the field values. Defaults to n.

separator=/t|/s|<character> Set the separator character to use for fields. If /t tab will be used (this is the default), if /s, a single space will be used. Otherwise any character that can be accepted by the command line as part of the option may be used.

occurrence=f|l|a Select which occurrence to use for fields that have multiple occurrences. If f the first occurrence will be used, if l the last occurrence will be used and if a all occurrences will be used (this is the default).

aggregator=,|/s|<character> Set the aggregator character to use for fields that have multiple occurrences. If , a comma will be used (this is the default), if /s, a single space will be used. Otherwise any character that can be accepted by the command line as part of the option may be used.

quote=d|s|n Set the quote character to use to surround fields. d uses double-quotes, s single-quotes, n no quotes (the default).

-f <capture filter>

Set the capture filter expression.

This option can occur multiple times. If used before the first occurrence of the -i option, it sets the default capture filter expression. If used after an -i option, it sets the capture filter expression for the interface specified by the last -i option occurring before this option. If the capture filter expression is not set specifically, the default capture filter expression is used if provided.

-F <file format>

Set the file format of the output capture file written using the -w option. The output written with the -w option is raw packet data, not text, so there is no -F option to request text output. The option -F without a value will list the available formats.

-g

This option causes the output file(s) to be created with group-read permission (meaning that the output file(s) can be read by other members of the calling user's group).

-G [fields|protocols|values|decodes|defaultprefs|currentprefs]

The -G option will cause Tshark to dump one of several types of glossaries and then exit. If no specific glossary type is specified, then the fields report will be generated by default.

The available report types include:

fields Dumps the contents of the registration database to stdout. An independent program can take this output and format it into nice tables or HTML or whatever. There is one record per line. Each record is either a protocol or a header field, differentiated by the first field. The fields are tab-delimited.

 * Protocols
 * ---------
 * Field 1 = 'P'
 * Field 2 = descriptive protocol name
 * Field 3 = protocol abbreviation
 *
 * Header Fields
 * -------------
 * Field 1 = 'F'
 * Field 2 = descriptive field name
 * Field 3 = field abbreviation
 * Field 4 = type ( textual representation of the ftenum type )
 * Field 5 = parent protocol abbreviation
 * Field 6 = base for display (for integer types); "parent bitfield width" for FT_BOOLEAN
 * Field 7 = bitmask: format: hex: 0x....
 * Field 8 = blurb describing field

protocols Dumps the protocols in the registration database to stdout. An independent program can take this output and format it into nice tables or HTML or whatever. There is one record per line. The fields are tab-delimited.

 * Field 1 = protocol name
 * Field 2 = protocol short name
 * Field 3 = protocol filter name

values Dumps the value_strings, range_strings or true/false strings for fields that have them. There is one record per line. Fields are tab-delimited. There are three types of records: Value String, Range String and True/False String. The first field, 'V', 'R' or 'T', indicates the type of record.

 * Value Strings
 * -------------
 * Field 1 = 'V'
 * Field 2 = field abbreviation to which this value string corresponds
 * Field 3 = Integer value
 * Field 4 = String
 *
 * Range Strings
 * -------------
 * Field 1 = 'R'
 * Field 2 = field abbreviation to which this range string corresponds
 * Field 3 = Integer value: lower bound
 * Field 4 = Integer value: upper bound
 * Field 5 = String
 *
 * True/False Strings
 * ------------------
 * Field 1 = 'T'
 * Field 2 = field abbreviation to which this true/false string corresponds
 * Field 3 = True String
 * Field 4 = False String

decodes Dumps the "layer type"/"decode as" associations to stdout. There is one record per line. The fields are tab-delimited.

 * Field 1 = layer type, e.g. "tcp.port"
 * Field 2 = selector in decimal
 * Field 3 = "decode as" name, e.g. "http"

defaultprefs Dumps a default preferences file to stdout.

currentprefs Dumps a copy of the current preferences file to stdout.

-h

Print the version and options and exits.

-H <input hosts file>

Read a list of entries from a "hosts" file, which will then be written to a capture file. Implies -W n. Can be called multiple times.

The "hosts" file format is documented at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosts_(file).

-i <capture interface> | -

Set the name of the network interface or pipe to use for live packet capture.

Network interface names should match one of the names listed in "tshark -D" (described above); a number, as reported by "tshark -D", can also be used. If you're using UNIX, "netstat -i" or "ifconfig -a" might also work to list interface names, although not all versions of UNIX support the -a option to ifconfig.

If no interface is specified, TShark searches the list of interfaces, choosing the first non-loopback interface if there are any non-loopback interfaces, and choosing the first loopback interface if there are no non-loopback interfaces. If there are no interfaces at all, TShark reports an error and doesn't start the capture.

Pipe names should be either the name of a FIFO (named pipe) or ``-'' to read data from the standard input. Data read from pipes must be in standard libpcap format.

This option can occur multiple times. When capturing from multiple interfaces, the capture file will be saved in pcap-ng format.

Note: the Win32 version of TShark doesn't support capturing from pipes!

-I

Put the interface in "monitor mode"; this is supported only on IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi interfaces, and supported only on some operating systems.

Note that in monitor mode the adapter might disassociate from the network with which it's associated, so that you will not be able to use any wireless networks with that adapter. This could prevent accessing files on a network server, or resolving host names or network addresses, if you are capturing in monitor mode and are not connected to another network with another adapter.

This option can occur multiple times. If used before the first occurrence of the -i option, it enables the monitor mode for all interfaces. If used after an -i option, it enables the monitor mode for the interface specified by the last -i option occurring before this option.

-K <keytab>

Load kerberos crypto keys from the specified keytab file. This option can be used multiple times to load keys from several files.

Example: -K krb5.keytab

-l

Flush the standard output after the information for each packet is printed. (This is not, strictly speaking, line-buffered if -V was specified; however, it is the same as line-buffered if -V wasn't specified, as only one line is printed for each packet, and, as -l is normally used when piping a live capture to a program or script, so that output for a packet shows up as soon as the packet is seen and dissected, it should work just as well as true line-buffering. We do this as a workaround for a deficiency in the Microsoft Visual C++ C library.)

This may be useful when piping the output of TShark to another program, as it means that the program to which the output is piped will see the dissected data for a packet as soon as TShark sees the packet and generates that output, rather than seeing it only when the standard output buffer containing that data fills up.

-L

List the data link types supported by the interface and exit. The reported link types can be used for the -y option.

-n

Disable network object name resolution (such as hostname, TCP and UDP port names); the -N flag might override this one.

-N <name resolving flags>

Turn on name resolving only for particular types of addresses and port numbers, with name resolving for other types of addresses and port numbers turned off. This flag overrides -n if both -N and -n are present. If both -N and -n flags are not present, all name resolutions are turned on.

The argument is a string that may contain the letters:

m to enable MAC address resolution

n to enable network address resolution

N to enable using external resolvers (e.g., DNS) for network address resolution

t to enable transport-layer port number resolution

C to enable concurrent (asynchronous) DNS lookups

-o <preference>:<value>

Set a preference value, overriding the default value and any value read from a preference file. The argument to the option is a string of the form prefname:value, where prefname is the name of the preference (which is the same name that would appear in the preference file), and value is the value to which it should be set.

-O <protocols>

Similar to the -V option, but causes TShark to only show a detailed view of the comma-separated list of protocols specified, rather than a detailed view of all protocols. Use the output of "tshark -G protocols" to find the abbreviations of the protocols you can specify.

-p

Don't put the interface into promiscuous mode. Note that the interface might be in promiscuous mode for some other reason; hence, -p cannot be used to ensure that the only traffic that is captured is traffic sent to or from the machine on which TShark is running, broadcast traffic, and multicast traffic to addresses received by that machine.

This option can occur multiple times. If used before the first occurrence of the -i option, no interface will be put into the promiscuous mode. If used after an -ioption, the interface specified by the last -i option occurring before this option will not be put into the promiscuous mode.

-P

Decode and display the packet summary, even if writing raw packet data using the -w option.

-q

When capturing packets, don't display the continuous count of packets captured that is normally shown when saving a capture to a file; instead, just display, at the end of the capture, a count of packets captured. On systems that support the SIGINFO signal, such as various BSDs, you can cause the current count to be displayed by typing your "status" character (typically control-T, although it might be set to "disabled" by default on at least some BSDs, so you'd have to explicitly set it to use it).

When reading a capture file, or when capturing and not saving to a file, don't print packet information; this is useful if you're using a -z option to calculate statistics and don't want the packet information printed, just the statistics.

-Q

When capturing packets, only display true errors. This outputs less than the -q option, so the interface name and total packet count and the end of a capture are not sent to stderr.

-r <infile>

Read packet data from infile, can be any supported capture file format (including gzipped files). It's not possible to use named pipes or stdin here!

-R <Read filter>

Cause the specified filter (which uses the syntax of read/display filters, rather than that of capture filters) to be applied during the first pass of analysis. Packets not matching the filter are not considered for future passes. Only makes sense with multiple passes, see -2. For regular filtering on single-pass dissect see -Y instead.

Note that forward-looking fields such as 'response in frame #' cannot be used with this filter, since they will not have been calculate when this filter is applied.

-Y <displaY filter>

Cause the specified filter (which uses the syntax of read/display filters, rather than that of capture filters) to be applied before printing a decoded form of packets or writing packets to a file. Packets matching the filter are printed or written to file; packets that the matching packets depend upon (e.g., fragments), are not printed but are written to file; packets not matching the filter nor depended upon are discarded rather than being printed or written.

Use this instead of -R for filtering using single-pass analysis. If doing two-pass analysis (see -2) then only packets matching the read filter (if there is one) will be checked against this filter.

-s <capture snaplen>

Set the default snapshot length to use when capturing live data. No more than snaplen bytes of each network packet will be read into memory, or saved to disk. A value of 0 specifies a snapshot length of 65535, so that the full packet is captured; this is the default.

This option can occur multiple times. If used before the first occurrence of the -i option, it sets the default snapshot length. If used after an -i option, it sets the snapshot length for the interface specified by the last -i option occurring before this option. If the snapshot length is not set specifically, the default snapshot length is used if provided.

-S <separator>

Set the line separator to be printed between packets.

-t ad|a|r|d|dd|e

Set the format of the packet timestamp printed in summary lines. The format can be one of:

ad absolute with date: The absolute date and time is the actual time and date the packet was captured

a absolute: The absolute time is the actual time the packet was captured, with no date displayed

r relative: The relative time is the time elapsed between the first packet and the current packet

d delta: The delta time is the time since the previous packet was captured

dd delta_displayed: The delta_displayed time is the time since the previous displayed packet was captured

e epoch: The time in seconds since epoch (Jan 1, 1970 00:00:00)

The default format is relative.

-T pdml|psml|ps|text|fields

Set the format of the output when viewing decoded packet data. The options are one of:

pdml Packet Details Markup Language, an XML-based format for the details of a decoded packet. This information is equivalent to the packet details printed with the -V flag.

psml Packet Summary Markup Language, an XML-based format for the summary information of a decoded packet. This information is equivalent to the information shown in the one-line summary printed by default.

ps PostScript for a human-readable one-line summary of each of the packets, or a multi-line view of the details of each of the packets, depending on whether the-V flag was specified.

text Text of a human-readable one-line summary of each of the packets, or a multi-line view of the details of each of the packets, depending on whether the -Vflag was specified. This is the default.

fields The values of fields specified with the -e option, in a form specified by the -E option. For example,

  -T fields -E separator=, -E quote=d

would generate comma-separated values (CSV) output suitable for importing into your favorite spreadsheet program.

-v

Print the version and exit.

-V

Cause TShark to print a view of the packet details.

-w <outfile> | -

Write raw packet data to outfile or to the standard output if outfile is '-'.

NOTE: -w provides raw packet data, not text. If you want text output you need to redirect stdout (e.g. using '>'), don't use the -w option for this.

-W <file format option>

Save extra information in the file if the format supports it. For example,

  -F pcapng -W n

will save host name resolution records along with captured packets.

Future versions of Wireshark may automatically change the capture format to pcapng as needed.

The argument is a string that may contain the following letter:

n write network address resolution information (pcapng only)

-x

Cause TShark to print a hex and ASCII dump of the packet data after printing the summary and/or details, if either are also being displayed.

-X <eXtension options>

Specify an option to be passed to a TShark module. The eXtension option is in the form extension_key:value, where extension_key can be:

lua_script:lua_script_filename tells Wireshark to load the given script in addition to the default Lua scripts.

-y <capture link type>

Set the data link type to use while capturing packets. The values reported by -L are the values that can be used.

This option can occur multiple times. If used before the first occurrence of the -i option, it sets the default capture link type. If used after an -i option, it sets the capture link type for the interface specified by the last -i option occurring before this option. If the capture link type is not set specifically, the default capture link type is used if provided.

-z <statistics>

Get TShark to collect various types of statistics and display the result after finishing reading the capture file. Use the -q flag if you're reading a capture file and only want the statistics printed, not any per-packet information.

Note that the -z proto option is different - it doesn't cause statistics to be gathered and printed when the capture is complete, it modifies the regular packet summary output to include the values of fields specified with the option. Therefore you must not use the -q option, as that option would suppress the printing of the regular packet summary output, and must also not use the -V option, as that would cause packet detail information rather than packet summary information to be printed.

Currently implemented statistics are:

-z help

Display all possible values for -z.

-z afp,srt[,filter]

-z camel,srt

-z compare,start,stop,ttl[0|1],order[0|1],variance[,filter]

If the optional filter is specified, only those packets that match the filter will be used in the calculations.

-z conv,type[,filter]

Create a table that lists all conversations that could be seen in the capture. type specifies the conversation endpoint types for which we want to generate the statistics; currently the supported ones are:

  "eth"   Ethernet addresses
  "fc"    Fibre Channel addresses
  "fddi"  FDDI addresses
  "ip"    IPv4 addresses
  "ipv6"  IPv6 addresses
  "ipx"   IPX addresses
  "tcp"   TCP/IP socket pairs  Both IPv4 and IPv6 are supported
  "tr"    Token Ring addresses
  "udp"   UDP/IP socket pairs  Both IPv4 and IPv6 are supported

If the optional filter is specified, only those packets that match the filter will be used in the calculations.

The table is presented with one line for each conversation and displays the number of packets/bytes in each direction as well as the total number of packets/bytes. The table is sorted according to the total number of frames.

-z dcerpc,srt,uuid,major.minor[,filter]

Collect call/reply SRT (Service Response Time) data for DCERPC interface uuid, version major.minor. Data collected is the number of calls for each procedure, MinSRT, MaxSRT and AvgSRT.

Example: -z dcerpc,srt,12345778-1234-abcd-ef00-0123456789ac,1.0 will collect data for the CIFS SAMR Interface.

This option can be used multiple times on the command line.

If the optional filter is provided, the stats will only be calculated on those calls that match that filter.

Example: -z dcerpc,srt,12345778-1234-abcd-ef00-0123456789ac,1.0,ip.addr==1.2.3.4 will collect SAMR SRT statistics for a specific host.

-z diameter,avp[,cmd.code,field,field,...]

This option enables extraction of most important diameter fields from large capture files. Exactly one text line for each diameter message with matcheddiameter.cmd.code will be printed.

Empty diameter command code or '*' can be specified to mach any diameter.cmd.code

Example: -z diameter,avp extract default field set from diameter messages.

Example: -z diameter,avp,280 extract default field set from diameter DWR messages.

Example: -z diameter,avp,272 extract default field set from diameter CC messages.

Extract most important fields from diameter CC messages:

tshark -r file.cap.gz -q -z diameter,avp,272,CC-Request-Type,CC-Request-Number,Session-Id,Subscription-Id-Data,Rating-Group,Result-Code

Following fields will be printed out for each diameter message:

  "frame"        Frame number.
  "time"         Unix time of the frame arrival.
  "src"          Source address.
  "srcport"      Source port.
  "dst"          Destination address.
  "dstport"      Destination port.
  "proto"        Constant string 'diameter', which can be used for post processing of tshark output.  E.g. grep/sed/awk.
  "msgnr"        seq. number of diameter message within the frame.  E.g. '2' for the third diameter message in the same frame.
  "is_request"   '0' if message is a request, '1' if message is an answer.
  "cmd"          diameter.cmd_code, E.g. '272' for credit control messages.
  "req_frame"    Number of frame where matched request was found or '0'.
  "ans_frame"    Number of frame where matched answer was found or '0'.
  "resp_time"    response time in seconds, '0' in case if matched Request/Answer is not found in trace.  E.g. in the begin or end of capture.

-z diameter,avp option is much faster than -V -T text or -T pdml options.

-z diameter,avp option is more powerful than -T field and -z proto,colinfo options.

Multiple diameter messages in one frame are supported.

Several fields with same name within one diameter message are supported, e.g. diameter.Subscription-Id-Data or diameter.Rating-Group.

Note: tshark -q option is recommended to suppress default tshark output.

-z expert[,error|,warn|,note|,chat][,filter]

Collects information about all expert info, and will display them in order, grouped by severity.

Example: -z expert,sip will show expert items of all severity for frames that match the sip protocol.

This option can be used multiple times on the command line.

If the optional filter is provided, the stats will only be calculated on those calls that match that filter.

Example: -z "expert,note,tcp" will only collect expert items for frames that include the tcp protocol, with a severity of note or higher.

-z follow,prot,mode,filter[,range]

Displays the contents of a TCP or UDP stream between two nodes. The data sent by the second node is prefixed with a tab to differentiate it from the data sent by the first node.

prot specifies the transport protocol. It can be one of: tcp TCP udp UDP ssl SSL

mode specifies the output mode. It can be one of: ascii ASCII output with dots for non-printable characters hex Hexadecimal and ASCII data with offsetsraw Hexadecimal data

Since the output in ascii mode may contain newlines, the length of each section of output plus a newline precedes each section of output.

filter specifies the stream to be displayed. UDP streams are selected with IP address plus port pairs. TCP streams are selected with either the stream index or IP address plus port pairs. For example: ip-addr0:port0,ip-addr1:port1 tcp-stream-index

range optionally specifies which "chunks" of the stream should be displayed.

Example: -z "follow,tcp,hex,1" will display the contents of the first TCP stream in "hex" format.

  ===================================================================
  Follow: tcp,hex
  Filter: tcp.stream eq 1
  Node 0: 200.57.7.197:32891
  Node 1: 200.57.7.198:2906
  00000000  00 00 00 22 00 00 00 07  00 0a 85 02 07 e9 00 02  ...".... ........
  00000010  07 e9 06 0f 00 0d 00 04  00 00 00 01 00 03 00 06  ........ ........
  00000020  1f 00 06 04 00 00                                 ......
      00000000  00 01 00 00                                       ....
      00000026  00 02 00 00

Example: -z "follow,tcp,ascii,200.57.7.197:32891,200.57.7.198:2906" will display the contents of a TCP stream between 200.57.7.197 port 32891 and 200.57.7.98 port 2906.

  ===================================================================
  Follow: tcp,ascii
  Filter: (ommitted for readability)
  Node 0: 200.57.7.197:32891
  Node 1: 200.57.7.198:2906
  38
  ...".....
  ................
      4
      ....

-z h225,counter[,filter]

Count ITU-T H.225 messages and their reasons. In the first column you get a list of H.225 messages and H.225 message reasons, which occur in the current capture file. The number of occurrences of each message or reason is displayed in the second column.

Example: -z h225,counter.

If the optional filter is provided, the stats will only be calculated on those calls that match that filter. Example: use -z "h225,counter,ip.addr==1.2.3.4" to only collect stats for H.225 packets exchanged by the host at IP address 1.2.3.4 .

This option can be used multiple times on the command line.

-z h225,srt[,filter]

Collect requests/response SRT (Service Response Time) data for ITU-T H.225 RAS. Data collected is number of calls of each ITU-T H.225 RAS Message Type, Minimum SRT, Maximum SRT, Average SRT, Minimum in Packet, and Maximum in Packet. You will also get the number of Open Requests (Unresponded Requests), Discarded Responses (Responses without matching request) and Duplicate Messages.

Example: -z h225,srt

This option can be used multiple times on the command line.

If the optional filter is provided, the stats will only be calculated on those calls that match that filter.

Example: -z "h225,srt,ip.addr==1.2.3.4" will only collect stats for ITU-T H.225 RAS packets exchanged by the host at IP address 1.2.3.4 .

-z hosts[,ipv4][,ipv6]

Dump any collected IPv4 and/or IPv6 addresses in "hosts" format. Both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses are dumped by default.

Addresses are collected from a number of sources, including standard "hosts" files and captured traffic.

-z http,stat,

Calculate the HTTP statistics distribution. Displayed values are the HTTP status codes and the HTTP request methods.

-z http,tree

Calculate the HTTP packet distribution. Displayed values are the HTTP request modes and the HTTP status codes.

-z http_req,tree

Calculate the HTTP requests by server. Displayed values are the server name and the URI path.

-z http_srv,tree

Calculate the HTTP requests and responses by server. For the HTTP requests, displayed values are the server IP address and server hostname. For the HTTP responses, displayed values are the server IP address and status.

-z icmp,srt[,filter]

Compute total ICMP echo requests, replies, loss, and percent loss, as well as minimum, maximum, mean, median and sample standard deviation SRT statistics typical of what ping provides.

Example: -z icmp,srt,ip.src==1.2.3.4 will collect ICMP SRT statistics for ICMP echo request packets originating from a specific host.

This option can be used multiple times on the command line.

-z icmpv6,srt[,filter]

Compute total ICMPv6 echo requests, replies, loss, and percent loss, as well as minimum, maximum, mean, median and sample standard deviation SRT statistics typical of what ping provides.

Example: -z icmpv6,srt,ipv6.src==fe80::1 will collect ICMPv6 SRT statistics for ICMPv6 echo request packets originating from a specific host.

This option can be used multiple times on the command line.

-z io,phs[,filter]

Create Protocol Hierarchy Statistics listing both number of packets and bytes. If no filter is specified the statistics will be calculated for all packets. If afilter is specified statistics will only be calculated for those packets that match the filter.

This option can be used multiple times on the command line.

-z io,stat,interval[,filter][,filter][,filter]...

Collect packet/bytes statistics for the capture in intervals of interval seconds. Interval can be specified either as a whole or fractional second and can be specified with microsecond (us) resolution. If interval is 0, the statistics will be calculated over all packets.

If no filter is specified the statistics will be calculated for all packets. If one or more filters are specified statistics will be calculated for all filters and presented with one column of statistics for each filter.

This option can be used multiple times on the command line.

Example: -z io,stat,1,ip.addr==1.2.3.4 will generate 1 second statistics for all traffic to/from host 1.2.3.4.

Example: -z "io,stat,0.001,smb&&ip.addr==1.2.3.4" will generate 1ms statistics for all SMB packets to/from host 1.2.3.4.

The examples above all use the standard syntax for generating statistics which only calculates the number of packets and bytes in each interval.

io,stat can also do much more statistics and calculate COUNT(), SUM(), MIN(), MAX(), AVG() and LOAD() using a slightly different filter syntax:

-z io,stat,interval,"[COUNT|SUM|MIN|MAX|AVG|LOAD](field)field [and filter]"

NOTE: One important thing to note here is that the field that the calculation is based on MUST also be part of the filter string or else the calculation will fail.

So: -z io,stat,0.010,AVG(smb.time) does not work. Use -z io,stat,0.010,AVG(smb.time)smb.time instead. Also be aware that a field can exist multiple times inside the same packet and will then be counted multiple times in those packets.

NOTE: A second important thing to note is that the system setting for decimal separator is set to "."! If it is set to "," the statistics will not be displayed per filter.

COUNT(field)field [and filter] - Calculates the number of times that the field name (not its value) appears per interval in the filtered packet list. ''field'' can be any display filter name.

Example: -z io,stat,0.010,"COUNT(smb.sid)smb.sid"

This will count the total number of SIDs seen in each 10ms interval.

SUM(field)field [and filter] - Unlike COUNT, the values of the specified field are summed per time interval. ''field'' can only be a named integer, float, double or relative time field.

Example: -z io,stat,0.010,"SUM(frame.len)frame.len"

Reports the total number of bytes that were transmitted bidirectionally in all the packets within a 10 millisecond interval.

MIN/MAX/AVG(field)field [and filter] - The minimum, maximum, or average field value in each interval is calculated. The specified field must be a named integer, float, double or relative time field. For relative time fields, the output is presented in seconds with six decimal digits of precision rounded to the nearest microsecond.

In the following example, the time of the first Read_AndX call, the last Read_AndX response values are displayed and the minimum, maximum, and average Read response times (SRTs) are calculated. NOTE: If the DOS command shell line continuation character, ''^'' is used, each line cannot end in a comma so it is placed at the beginning of each continuation line:

  tshark -o tcp.desegment_tcp_streams:FALSE -n -q -r smb_reads.cap -z io,stat,0,
  "MIN(frame.time_relative)frame.time_relative and smb.cmd==0x2e and smb.flags.response==0",
  "MAX(frame.time_relative)frame.time_relative and smb.cmd==0x2e and smb.flags.response==1",
  "MIN(smb.time)smb.time and smb.cmd==0x2e",
  "MAX(smb.time)smb.time and smb.cmd==0x2e",
  "AVG(smb.time)smb.time and smb.cmd==0x2e"

  ======================================================================================================
  IO Statistics
  Column #0: MIN(frame.time_relative)frame.time_relative and smb.cmd==0x2e and smb.flags.response==0
  Column #1: MAX(frame.time_relative)frame.time_relative and smb.cmd==0x2e and smb.flags.response==1
  Column #2: MIN(smb.time)smb.time and smb.cmd==0x2e
  Column #3: MAX(smb.time)smb.time and smb.cmd==0x2e
  Column #4: AVG(smb.time)smb.time and smb.cmd==0x2e
                  |    Column #0   |    Column #1   |    Column #2   |    Column #3   |    Column #4   |
  Time            |       MIN      |       MAX      |       MIN      |       MAX      |       AVG      |
  000.000-                 0.000000         7.704054         0.000072         0.005539         0.000295
  ======================================================================================================

The following command displays the average SMB Read response PDU size, the total number of read PDU bytes, the average SMB Write request PDU size, and the total number of bytes transferred in SMB Write PDUs:

  tshark -n -q -r smb_reads_writes.cap -z io,stat,0,
  "AVG(smb.file.rw.length)smb.file.rw.length and smb.cmd==0x2e and smb.response_to",
  "SUM(smb.file.rw.length)smb.file.rw.length and smb.cmd==0x2e and smb.response_to",
  "AVG(smb.file.rw.length)smb.file.rw.length and smb.cmd==0x2f and not smb.response_to",
  "SUM(smb.file.rw.length)smb.file.rw.length and smb.cmd==0x2f and not smb.response_to"

  =====================================================================================
  IO Statistics
  Column #0: AVG(smb.file.rw.length)smb.file.rw.length and smb.cmd==0x2e and smb.response_to
  Column #1: SUM(smb.file.rw.length)smb.file.rw.length and smb.cmd==0x2e and smb.response_to
  Column #2: AVG(smb.file.rw.length)smb.file.rw.length and smb.cmd==0x2f and not smb.response_to
  Column #3: SUM(smb.file.rw.length)smb.file.rw.length and smb.cmd==0x2f and not smb.response_to
                  |    Column #0   |    Column #1   |    Column #2   |    Column #3   |
  Time            |       AVG      |       SUM      |       AVG      |       SUM      |
  000.000-                    30018         28067522               72             3240
  =====================================================================================

LOAD(field)field [and filter] - The LOAD/Queue-Depth in each interval is calculated. The specified field must be a relative time field that represents a response time. For example smb.time. For each interval the Queue-Depth for the specified protocol is calculated.

The following command displays the average SMB LOAD. A value of 1.0 represents one I/O in flight.

  tshark -n -q -r smb_reads_writes.cap
  -z "io,stat,0.001,LOAD(smb.time)smb.time"

  ============================================================================
  IO Statistics
  Interval:   0.001000 secs
  Column #0: LOAD(smb.time)smb.time
                          |    Column #0   |
  Time                    |       LOAD     |
  0000.000000-0000.001000         1.000000
  0000.001000-0000.002000         0.741000
  0000.002000-0000.003000         0.000000
  0000.003000-0000.004000         1.000000

FRAMES | BYTES[()filter] - Displays the total number of frames or bytes. The filter field is optional but if included it must be prepended with ''()''.

The following command displays five columns: the total number of frames and bytes (transferred bidirectionally) using a single comma, the same two stats using the FRAMES and BYTES subcommands, the total number of frames containing at least one SMB Read response, and the total number of bytes transmitted to the client (unidirectionally) at IP address 10.1.0.64.

  tshark -o tcp.desegment_tcp_streams:FALSE -n -q -r smb_reads.cap -z io,stat,0,,FRAMES,BYTES,
  "FRAMES()smb.cmd==0x2e and smb.response_to","BYTES()ip.dst==10.1.0.64"

  =======================================================================================================================
  IO Statistics
  Column #0:
  Column #1: FRAMES
  Column #2: BYTES
  Column #3: FRAMES()smb.cmd==0x2e and smb.response_to
  Column #4: BYTES()ip.dst==10.1.0.64
                  |            Column #0            |    Column #1   |    Column #2   |    Column #3   |    Column #4   |
  Time            |     Frames     |      Bytes     |     FRAMES     |     BYTES      |     FRAMES     |     BYTES      |
  000.000-                    33576         29721685            33576         29721685              870         29004801
  =======================================================================================================================

-z mac-lte,stat[,filter]

This option will activate a counter for LTE MAC messages. You will get information about the maximum number of UEs/TTI, common messages and various counters for each UE that appears in the log.

Example: -z mac-lte,stat.

This option can be used multiple times on the command line.

If the optional filter is provided, the stats will only be calculated for those frames that match that filter. Example: -z "mac-lte,stat,mac-lte.rnti3000"> will only collect stats for UEs with an assigned RNTI whose value is more than 3000.

-z megaco,rtd[,filter]

Collect requests/response RTD (Response Time Delay) data for MEGACO. (This is similar to -z smb,srt). Data collected is the number of calls for each known MEGACO Type, MinRTD, MaxRTD and AvgRTD. Additionally you get the number of duplicate requests/responses, unresponded requests, responses, which don't match with any request. Example: -z megaco,rtd.

If the optional filter is provided, the stats will only be calculated on those calls that match that filter. Example: -z "megaco,rtd,ip.addr==1.2.3.4" will only collect stats for MEGACO packets exchanged by the host at IP address 1.2.3.4 .

This option can be used multiple times on the command line.

-z mgcp,rtd[,filter]

Collect requests/response RTD (Response Time Delay) data for MGCP. (This is similar to -z smb,srt). Data collected is the number of calls for each known MGCP Type, MinRTD, MaxRTD and AvgRTD. Additionally you get the number of duplicate requests/responses, unresponded requests, responses, which don't match with any request. Example: -z mgcp,rtd.

This option can be used multiple times on the command line.

If the optional filter is provided, the stats will only be calculated on those calls that match that filter. Example: -z "mgcp,rtd,ip.addr==1.2.3.4" will only collect stats for MGCP packets exchanged by the host at IP address 1.2.3.4 .

-z proto,colinfo,filter,field

Append all field values for the packet to the Info column of the one-line summary output. This feature can be used to append arbitrary fields to the Info column in addition to the normal content of that column. field is the display-filter name of a field which value should be placed in the Info column. filter is a filter string that controls for which packets the field value will be presented in the info column. field will only be presented in the Info column for the packets which match filter.

NOTE: In order for TShark to be able to extract the field value from the packet, field MUST be part of the filter string. If not, TShark will not be able to extract its value.

For a simple example to add the "nfs.fh.hash" field to the Info column for all packets containing the "nfs.fh.hash" field, use

-z proto,colinfo,nfs.fh.hash,nfs.fh.hash

To put "nfs.fh.hash" in the Info column but only for packets coming from host 1.2.3.4 use:

-z "proto,colinfo,nfs.fh.hash && ip.src==1.2.3.4,nfs.fh.hash"

This option can be used multiple times on the command line.

-z rlc-lte,stat[,filter]

This option will activate a counter for LTE RLC messages. You will get information about common messages and various counters for each UE that appears in the log.

Example: -z rlc-lte,stat.

This option can be used multiple times on the command line.

If the optional filter is provided, the stats will only be calculated for those frames that match that filter. Example: -z "rlc-lte,stat,rlc-lte.ueid3000"> will only collect stats for UEs with a UEId of more than 3000.

-z rpc,programs

Collect call/reply SRT data for all known ONC-RPC programs/versions. Data collected is number of calls for each protocol/version, MinSRT, MaxSRT and AvgSRT. This option can only be used once on the command line.

-z rpc,srt,program,version[,filter]

Collect call/reply SRT (Service Response Time) data for program/version. Data collected is number of calls for each procedure, MinSRT, MaxSRT and AvgSRT.

Example: -z rpc,srt,100003,3 will collect data for NFS v3.

This option can be used multiple times on the command line.

If the optional filter is provided, the stats will only be calculated on those calls that match that filter.

Example: -z rpc,srt,100003,3,nfs.fh.hash==0x12345678 will collect NFS v3 SRT statistics for a specific file.

-z rtp,streams

Collect statistics for all RTP streams and calculate max. delta, max. and mean jitter and packet loss percentages.

-z scsi,srt,cmdset[,filter]

Collect call/reply SRT (Service Response Time) data for SCSI commandset cmdset.

Commandsets are 0:SBC 1:SSC 5:MMC

Data collected is the number of calls for each procedure, MinSRT, MaxSRT and AvgSRT.

Example: -z scsi,srt,0 will collect data for SCSI BLOCK COMMANDS (SBC).

This option can be used multiple times on the command line.

If the optional filter is provided, the stats will only be calculated on those calls that match that filter.

Example: -z scsi,srt,0,ip.addr==1.2.3.4 will collect SCSI SBC SRT statistics for a specific iscsi/ifcp/fcip host.

-z sip,stat[,filter]

This option will activate a counter for SIP messages. You will get the number of occurrences of each SIP Method and of each SIP Status-Code. Additionally you also get the number of resent SIP Messages (only for SIP over UDP).

Example: -z sip,stat.

This option can be used multiple times on the command line.

If the optional filter is provided, the stats will only be calculated on those calls that match that filter. Example: -z "sip,stat,ip.addr==1.2.3.4" will only collect stats for SIP packets exchanged by the host at IP address 1.2.3.4 .

-z smb,sids

When this feature is used TShark will print a report with all the discovered SID and account name mappings. Only those SIDs where the account name is known will be presented in the table.

For this feature to work you will need to either to enable "Edit/Preferences/Protocols/SMB/Snoop SID to name mappings" in the preferences or you can override the preferences by specifying -o "smb.sid_name_snooping:TRUE" on the TShark command line.

The current method used by TShark to find the SID->name mapping is relatively restricted with a hope of future expansion.

-z smb,srt[,filter]

Collect call/reply SRT (Service Response Time) data for SMB. Data collected is number of calls for each SMB command, MinSRT, MaxSRT and AvgSRT.

Example: -z smb,srt

The data will be presented as separate tables for all normal SMB commands, all Transaction2 commands and all NT Transaction commands. Only those commands that are seen in the capture will have its stats displayed. Only the first command in a xAndX command chain will be used in the calculation. So for common SessionSetupAndX + TreeConnectAndX chains, only the SessionSetupAndX call will be used in the statistics. This is a flaw that might be fixed in the future.

This option can be used multiple times on the command line.

If the optional filter is provided, the stats will only be calculated on those calls that match that filter.

Example: -z "smb,srt,ip.addr==1.2.3.4" will only collect stats for SMB packets exchanged by the host at IP address 1.2.3.4 .

CAPTURE FILTER SYNTAX

See the manual page of pcap-filter(7) or, if that doesn't exist, tcpdump(8), or, if that doesn't exist, http://wiki.wireshark.org/CaptureFilters.

READ FILTER SYNTAX

For a complete table of protocol and protocol fields that are filterable in TShark see the wireshark-filter(4) manual page.

FILES

These files contains various Wireshark configuration values.

Preferences

The preferences files contain global (system-wide) and personal preference settings. If the system-wide preference file exists, it is read first, overriding the default settings. If the personal preferences file exists, it is read next, overriding any previous values. Note: If the command line option -o is used (possibly more than once), it will in turn override values from the preferences files.

The preferences settings are in the form prefname:value, one per line, where prefname is the name of the preference and value is the value to which it should be set; white space is allowed between : and value. A preference setting can be continued on subsequent lines by indenting the continuation lines with white space. A# character starts a comment that runs to the end of the line:

  # Capture in promiscuous mode?
  # TRUE or FALSE (case-insensitive).
  capture.prom_mode: TRUE

The global preferences file is looked for in the wireshark directory under the share subdirectory of the main installation directory (for example,/usr/local/share/wireshark/preferences) on UNIX-compatible systems, and in the main installation directory (for example, C:\Program Files\Wireshark\preferences) on Windows systems.

The personal preferences file is looked for in $HOME/.wireshark/preferences on UNIX-compatible systems and %APPDATA%\Wireshark\preferences (or, if %APPDATA% isn't defined, %USERPROFILE%\Application Data\Wireshark\preferences) on Windows systems.

Disabled (Enabled) Protocols

The disabled_protos files contain system-wide and personal lists of protocols that have been disabled, so that their dissectors are never called. The files contain protocol names, one per line, where the protocol name is the same name that would be used in a display filter for the protocol:

  http
  tcp     # a comment

The global disabled_protos file uses the same directory as the global preferences file.

The personal disabled_protos file uses the same directory as the personal preferences file.

Name Resolution (hosts)

If the personal hosts file exists, it is used to resolve IPv4 and IPv6 addresses before any other attempts are made to resolve them. The file has the standard hostsfile syntax; each line contains one IP address and name, separated by whitespace. The same directory as for the personal preferences file is used.

Capture filter name resolution is handled by libpcap on UNIX-compatible systems and WinPCAP on Windows. As such the Wireshark personal hosts file will not be consulted for capture filter name resolution.

Name Resolution (ethers)

The ethers files are consulted to correlate 6-byte hardware addresses to names. First the personal ethers file is tried and if an address is not found there the global ethers file is tried next.

Each line contains one hardware address and name, separated by whitespace. The digits of the hardware address are separated by colons (:), dashes (-) or periods (.). The same separator character must be used consistently in an address. The following three lines are valid lines of an ethers file:

  ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff          Broadcast
  c0-00-ff-ff-ff-ff          TR_broadcast
  00.00.00.00.00.00          Zero_broadcast

The global ethers file is looked for in the /etc directory on UNIX-compatible systems, and in the main installation directory (for example, C:\Program Files\Wireshark) on Windows systems.

The personal ethers file is looked for in the same directory as the personal preferences file.

Capture filter name resolution is handled by libpcap on UNIX-compatible systems and WinPCAP on Windows. As such the Wireshark personal ethers file will not be consulted for capture filter name resolution.

Name Resolution (manuf)

The manuf file is used to match the 3-byte vendor portion of a 6-byte hardware address with the manufacturer's name; it can also contain well-known MAC addresses and address ranges specified with a netmask. The format of the file is the same as the ethers files, except that entries of the form:

  00:00:0C      Cisco

can be provided, with the 3-byte OUI and the name for a vendor, and entries such as:

  00-00-0C-07-AC/40     All-HSRP-routers

can be specified, with a MAC address and a mask indicating how many bits of the address must match. The above entry, for example, has 40 significant bits, or 5 bytes, and would match addresses from 00-00-0C-07-AC-00 through 00-00-0C-07-AC-FF. The mask need not be a multiple of 8.

The manuf file is looked for in the same directory as the global preferences file.

Name Resolution (ipxnets)

The ipxnets files are used to correlate 4-byte IPX network numbers to names. First the global ipxnets file is tried and if that address is not found there the personal one is tried next.

The format is the same as the ethers file, except that each address is four bytes instead of six. Additionally, the address can be represented as a single hexadecimal number, as is more common in the IPX world, rather than four hex octets. For example, these four lines are valid lines of an ipxnets file:

  C0.A8.2C.00              HR
  c0-a8-1c-00              CEO
  00:00:BE:EF              IT_Server1
  110f                     FileServer3

The global ipxnets file is looked for in the /etc directory on UNIX-compatible systems, and in the main installation directory (for example, C:\Program Files\Wireshark) on Windows systems.

The personal ipxnets file is looked for in the same directory as the personal preferences file.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

WIRESHARK_DEBUG_EP_NO_CHUNKS

Normally per-packet memory is allocated in large "chunks." This behavior doesn't work well with debugging tools such as Valgrind or ElectricFence. Export this environment variable to force individual allocations. Note: disabling chunks also disables canaries (see below).

WIRESHARK_DEBUG_SE_NO_CHUNKS

Normally per-file memory is allocated in large "chunks." This behavior doesn't work well with debugging tools such as Valgrind or ElectricFence. Export this environment variable to force individual allocations. Note: disabling chunks also disables canaries (see below).

WIRESHARK_DEBUG_EP_NO_CANARY

Normally per-packet memory allocations are separated by "canaries" which allow detection of memory overruns. This comes at the expense of some extra memory usage. Exporting this environment variable disables these canaries.

WIRESHARK_DEBUG_SE_USE_CANARY

Exporting this environment variable causes per-file memory allocations to be protected with "canaries" which allow for detection of memory overruns. This comes at the expense of significant extra memory usage.

WIRESHARK_DEBUG_SCRUB_MEMORY

If this environment variable is set, the contents of per-packet and per-file memory is initialized to 0xBADDCAFE when the memory is allocated and is reset to 0xDEADBEEF when the memory is freed. This functionality is useful mainly to developers looking for bugs in the way memory is handled.

WIRESHARK_DEBUG_WMEM_OVERRIDE

Setting this environment variable forces the wmem framework to use the specified allocator backend for *all* allocations, regardless of which backend is normally specified by the code. This is mainly useful to developers when testing or debugging. See README.wmem in the source distribution for details.

WIRESHARK_RUN_FROM_BUILD_DIRECTORY

This environment variable causes the plugins and other data files to be loaded from the build directory (where the program was compiled) rather than from the standard locations. It has no effect when the program in question is running with root (or setuid) permissions on *NIX.

WIRESHARK_DATA_DIR

This environment variable causes the various data files to be loaded from a directory other than the standard locations. It has no effect when the program in question is running with root (or setuid) permissions on *NIX.

WIRESHARK_PYTHON_DIR

This environment variable points to an alternate location for Python. It has no effect when the program in question is running with root (or setuid) permissions on *NIX.

ERF_RECORDS_TO_CHECK

This environment variable controls the number of ERF records checked when deciding if a file really is in the ERF format. Setting this environment variable a number higher than the default (20) would make false positives less likely.

IPFIX_RECORDS_TO_CHECK

This environment variable controls the number of IPFIX records checked when deciding if a file really is in the IPFIX format. Setting this environment variable a number higher than the default (20) would make false positives less likely.

WIRESHARK_ABORT_ON_DISSECTOR_BUG

If this environment variable is set, TShark will call abort(3) when a dissector bug is encountered. abort(3) will cause the program to exit abnormally; if you are running TShark in a debugger, it should halt in the debugger and allow inspection of the process, and, if you are not running it in a debugger, it will, on some OSes, assuming your environment is configured correctly, generate a core dump file. This can be useful to developers attempting to troubleshoot a problem with a protocol dissector.

WIRESHARK_EP_VERIFY_POINTERS

This environment variable, if present, causes certain uses of pointers to be audited to ensure they do not point to memory that is deallocated after each packet has been fully dissected. This can be useful to developers writing or auditing code.

WIRESHARK_SE_VERIFY_POINTERS

This environment variable, if present, causes certain uses of pointers to be audited to ensure they do not point to memory that is deallocated after when a capture file is closed. This can be useful to developers writing or auditing code.

WIRESHARK_ABORT_ON_OUT_OF_MEMORY

This environment variable, if present, causes abort(3) to be called if certain out-of-memory conditions (which normally result in an exception and an explanatory error message) are experienced. This can be useful to developers debugging out-of-memory conditions.

SEE ALSO

wireshark-filter(4), wireshark(1), editcap(1), pcap(3), dumpcap(1), text2pcap(1), mergecap(1), pcap-filter(7) or tcpdump(8) if it doesn't exist.

NOTES

TShark is part of the Wireshark distribution. The latest version of Wireshark can be found at http://www.wireshark.org.

HTML versions of the Wireshark project man pages are available at: http://www.wireshark.org/docs/man-pages.

AUTHORS

TShark uses the same packet dissection code that Wireshark does, as well as using many other modules from Wireshark; see the list of authors in the Wiresharkman page for a list of authors of that code.